WORLD MAP 2ND CENTURY

Description: Ptolemy world map ca. 150 AD. Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy), was a mathmatician, geographer, astronomer and astrologer who lived in the Hellenistic culture of Roman Egypt. One of his main works is his Geographia, a compilation of the known geography in the Roman Empire. This map is a reconstruction made in the 15th century.

WORLD MAP 4TH CENTURY

                                      Description: The Tabula Peutingerian This Roman map of the acient world shows the road network in the Roman Empire in the 4th century and covers Europe, parts of Asia (India) and North-Africa.

             WORLD MAP SEVENTH CENTURY....@



 Description: T-O map from the 7th century, the early Middle Ages, with the description of the world according the Etymologiae of Isidore of Sevilla, who was Archbishop of Seville/Spain for more than three decades. This T and O map is a copy from the 12th century.

                                                   WORLD MAP 6TH CENTURY

Babylonian map of the world, ca 600 BC

The Babylonian Map of the World is diagrammetic labelled  depiction of the known world from the perspective of Babylonia. The map is incised on a claytablet, showing Babylon somewhat to the north of its center.
It is usually dated to the 6th century BC. It was discovered at sippar, southern Iraq, 60 miles (97 km) north of Babylon on the east bank of the Euphrates river, and published in 1899.The clay tablet resides at the British Museum.

KAMAL

• Kamal Very simple instrument used primarily by Arabian navigators. It consists of a small board with a knotted piece of twine through the center. The observer holds one of the knots in his mouth and extends the board away so that the edges make a constant angle with his eyes.
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•  A kamal is a celestial navigation device that determines latitude. The invention of the kamal allowed for the earliest known latitude sailing, and was thus the earliest step towards the use of quantative methods in navigation. It originated with Arab navigators of the late 9th century, and was employed in the Indian Ocean from the 10th century. It was adopted by Indian navigators soon after,and then adopted by Chinese navigators some time before the 16th century.

GYROCOMPASS

A gyrocompass­ (less often spelled gyro-compass­ or gyro compass​) is a type of non-magnetic compass which is based on a fast-spinning disc and rotation of our planet to automatically find geographical direction.
Although one important components of a gyrocompass is a gyroscope, these are not the same devices; a gyrocompass is built to use the effect of gyroscopic precession, which is a distinctive aspect of the general gyroscopic effect. Gyrocompasses are widely used for navigation on ships, because they have two significant advantages over magnetic compass:

• they find true north as determined by Earth's rotation, which is different from, and navigationally more useful than, magnetic north.

GYROSCOPE

A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles of angular momentum. In essence, a mechanical gyroscope is a spinning wheel or disk whose axle is free to take any orientation. Although this orientation does not remain fixed, it changes in response to an external torque much less and in a different direction than it would without the large angular momentum associated with the disk's high rate of spin and moment of inertia.