KAMAL

• Kamal Very simple instrument used primarily by Arabian navigators. It consists of a small board with a knotted piece of twine through the center. The observer holds one of the knots in his mouth and extends the board away so that the edges make a constant angle with his eyes.
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•  A kamal is a celestial navigation device that determines latitude. The invention of the kamal allowed for the earliest known latitude sailing, and was thus the earliest step towards the use of quantative methods in navigation. It originated with Arab navigators of the late 9th century, and was employed in the Indian Ocean from the 10th century. It was adopted by Indian navigators soon after,and then adopted by Chinese navigators some time before the 16th century.

GYROCOMPASS

A gyrocompass­ (less often spelled gyro-compass­ or gyro compass​) is a type of non-magnetic compass which is based on a fast-spinning disc and rotation of our planet to automatically find geographical direction.
Although one important components of a gyrocompass is a gyroscope, these are not the same devices; a gyrocompass is built to use the effect of gyroscopic precession, which is a distinctive aspect of the general gyroscopic effect. Gyrocompasses are widely used for navigation on ships, because they have two significant advantages over magnetic compass:

• they find true north as determined by Earth's rotation, which is different from, and navigationally more useful than, magnetic north.

GYROSCOPE

A gyroscope is a device for measuring or maintaining orientation, based on the principles of angular momentum. In essence, a mechanical gyroscope is a spinning wheel or disk whose axle is free to take any orientation. Although this orientation does not remain fixed, it changes in response to an external torque much less and in a different direction than it would without the large angular momentum associated with the disk's high rate of spin and moment of inertia.

SEXTANT

A sextant is an instrument used to measure the angle between any two visible objects. Its primary use is to determine the angle between a celestial object and the horizon which is known as the altitude. Making this measurement is known as sighting the object, shooting the object, or taking a sight and it is an essential part of celestial navigation.  

MARINE CHRONOMETER

A marine chronometer is a clock that is precise and accurate enough to be used as a portable time standard; it can therefore be used to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation. When first developed in the eighteenth century it was a major technical achievement...

MARINERS ASTROLABE

The Mariner's Astrolabe was used to determine the latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the noon altitude of the Sun or the meridian altitude of a star of known declination ...

MAGENTIC COMPASS

The magnetic compass operates on the principle that unlike magnetic poles attract each other whereas like magnetic poles repel each other. A magnetic compass works because the Earth is like a giant magnet, with a huge magnetic field surrounding it. The Earth has two magnetic poles. These two poles lie near the North and South poles. The magnetic field of the Earth makes a magnetized 'needle' of steel or iron when hung in a thread to swing into a north-south position. The needle shows the same movement when stuck through a straw or piece of wood floating in a bowl of water.

An odometer or odograph is an instrument that indicates distance traveled by a vehicle, such as a bicycle or automobile. The device may be electronic, mechanical, or a combination of the two. The word derives from the Greek words hodós ("path" or "gateway") and métron ("measure"). In countries where Imperial units or US customary units are used, it is sometimes called a mileometer or milometer, or, colloquially,

 

GPS used as odometer:

A  GPS with odometer mode is also an excellent and inexpensive means to verify proper operation of both the speedometer and odometer mounted in a vehicle.